Explalins this method of defence against the opponent's 1NT, and also includes an explanation of the asptro convention, a mixture of Astro and Aspro.

Explains briefly this popular defence to 1NT, and also illustrates the possible responses to it with examples.

Explains this convention, used after an opening bid of 1NT.

Explains this convention, invented by Mr. Bernard Zeller, which is used against an opponent's 1NT bid, and places its emphasis on hearts.

Describes this descriptive convention used against the opponent's 1NT opening bid. It is also known as 'Hamilton' or 'Pottage'

Explains briefly this simple convention that is often used against the opponent's 1NT bid.

Explains clearly with examples, this extention of the Crash convention, which was originally intended for use after an artificial one Club opening.

Explains the bids used in this convention used to disturb the opponents 1NT opening bid.

Explains in a tabular form this defence against the opponent's 1NT bid, which is similar to Cappilletti and Bergen.

Explains both this convention, and extended Landy, which are both methods of overcalls after the opponent's 1NT bid.

Explains the bids used in this variation to Astro, the popular defence to 1NT.

Explains this variation on Astro, which is more descriptive.

Explains this method of defence to 1NT, which is similar to Landy.

Read over variations on this preemptive bid that can wreak havoc on the opponents' communication. Learn more about non-standard weak twos.

There are many defensive conventions designed to foil the opponents' no-trump. Check Woolsey's explanation of defensive overcalls and responses.