Narrative history covering 1541-1598 details Ireland's resistance to the English Reformation, and colonization efforts by Mary I and Elizabeth I.

Essay examines how sixteenth century anti-Catholic legislation alienated the older Anglo immigrants, forging a new Irish identity.

Learn how English kings Henry's VII and VIII exploited rivalries amongst the Irish Lords to gain complete control over the Pale.

Learn how the English, under Henry VIII and his successors, reinvigorated efforts to control Ireland after several centuries of neglect.

Presents Edmund Spenser's 1596 dialogue illustrating his views of the island's political standing and social well-being.